Childrearing

Childrearing strategies may be a cause of criminality.

Induction
Involves explaining to a child what it is they have done wrong and what are the consequences of their actions. It helps a child identify their wrongdoings and see how their behaviour has affected other people. It encourages empathy as the child learns to see from another person's perspective.

Love withdrawal
A parent withdraws their affection for their child to make them feel guilty for their bad behaviour. The parent's disapproval is shown by imposing conditions on their love for the child; saying they do not love them when they are bad. The child's feelings are manipulated in such a way that they do not develop a clear sense of individuality and independence because they have been rejected.

Power assertion
A parent smacks the child or tells them off. The child may be criticised openly by a parent and is threatened with punishment to make them behave.